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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library designed to help with the development of reinforcement knowing algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://xn--v69atsro52ncsg2uqd74apxb.com) research study, making released research more easily reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with a basic interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, brand-new developments of Gym have actually been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146]
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<br>Gym Retro<br>
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support learning (RL) research study on video games [147] using RL algorithms and research study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing agents to resolve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the [ability](https://gitea.ecommercetools.com.br) to generalize in between games with comparable principles but different looks.<br>
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<br>RoboSumo<br>
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robot agents initially lack understanding of how to even walk, however are offered the goals of finding out to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this [adversarial learning](https://energypowerworld.co.uk) process, the agents discover how to adapt to altering conditions. When an agent is then eliminated from this virtual environment and put in a [brand-new virtual](http://yhxcloud.com12213) environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had found out how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between representatives might produce an intelligence "arms race" that could [increase](https://ipen.com.hk) an [agent's ability](https://gitlab.minet.net) to work even outside the context of the [competition](http://62.234.217.1373000). [148]
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<br>OpenAI 5<br>
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that learn to play against human players at a high ability level completely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a team of 5, [disgaeawiki.info](https://disgaeawiki.info/index.php/User:ErrolAnton8) the first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the annual premiere championship competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a [live individually](https://gitea.imwangzhiyu.xyz) match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of actual time, and that the learning software was a step in the instructions of producing software application that can manage intricate jobs like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a type of reinforcement knowing, as the bots discover in time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as eliminating an enemy and taking map goals. [154] [155] [156]
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 exhibit matches against expert players, but wound up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the ruling world champions of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public appearance came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot gamer reveals the difficulties of [AI](http://114.55.2.29:6010) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has shown making use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166]
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<br>Dactyl<br>
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes maker finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to [control physical](http://media.clear2work.com.au) objects. [167] It learns completely in [simulation utilizing](http://ptxperts.com) the same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI dealt with the item orientation issue by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than attempting to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking video cameras, likewise has RGB cams to allow the robot to control an arbitrary things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl could resolve a Rubik's Cube. The robot had the ability to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), [systemcheck-wiki.de](https://systemcheck-wiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:WarrenLeonski92) a simulation approach of producing progressively harder environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to define randomization varieties. [169]
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<br>API<br>
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](http://gogs.fundit.cn:3000) designs established by OpenAI" to let designers call on it for "any English language [AI](https://meetcupid.in) task". [170] [171]
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<br>Text generation<br>
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<br>The company has actually promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1")<br>
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<br>The [original paper](https://tocgitlab.laiye.com) on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It revealed how a generative model of language might obtain world understanding and [procedure long-range](https://www.dynamicjobs.eu) reliances by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br>
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<br>GPT-2<br>
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with just restricted demonstrative variations initially launched to the public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not right away launched due to concern about potential abuse, [consisting](https://accountshunt.com) of applications for writing phony news. [174] Some specialists expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 postured a significant hazard.<br>
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<br>In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence [reacted](https://noteswiki.net) with a tool to spot "neural phony news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the complete variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several sites host interactive presentations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180]
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose students, shown by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not additional trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br>
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, [higgledy-piggledy.xyz](https://higgledy-piggledy.xyz/index.php/User:RevaBettis0) called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 [upvotes](https://chat.app8station.com). It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using byte pair encoding. This [permits representing](https://avpro.cc) any string of characters by encoding both private characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
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<br>GPT-3<br>
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] 2 orders of magnitude larger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as couple of as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186]
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" tasks and could generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer learning in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184]
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<br>GPT-3 considerably improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs might be approaching or encountering the fundamental ability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, [compared](https://recrutamentotvde.pt) to tens of petaflop/s-days for the complete GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not right away launched to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary personal beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified solely to Microsoft. [190] [191]
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<br>Codex<br>
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://bantooplay.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can develop working code in over a lots programs languages, a lot of efficiently in Python. [192]
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<br>Several problems with glitches, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196]
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<br>[GitHub Copilot](http://111.9.47.10510244) has actually been accused of producing copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197]
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198]
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<br>GPT-4<br>
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also read, analyze or generate up to 25,000 words of text, [gratisafhalen.be](https://gratisafhalen.be/author/virgilmauld/) and compose code in all significant programming languages. [200]
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<br>Observers reported that the model of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an [improvement](http://gitlab.y-droid.com) on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained a few of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has decreased to expose different technical details and stats about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203]
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<br>GPT-4o<br>
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<br>On May 13, [garagesale.es](https://www.garagesale.es/author/alexchang6/) 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art results in voice, multilingual, and vision standards, setting brand-new records in audio speech recognition and [translation](https://jobster.pk). [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million [input tokens](http://218.28.28.18617423) and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially useful for enterprises, start-ups and designers looking for to automate services with [AI](http://39.106.43.96) agents. [208]
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<br>o1<br>
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been created to take more time to think about their actions, resulting in greater precision. These models are particularly effective in science, coding, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=12069112) and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Staff member. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
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<br>o3<br>
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the follower of the o1 reasoning model. OpenAI likewise revealed o3-mini, a lighter and much [faster variation](http://git.permaviat.ru) of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, [security](https://inspiredcollectors.com) and security researchers had the opportunity to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecoms services supplier O2. [215]
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<br>Deep research<br>
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<br>Deep research study is an agent established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the abilities of OpenAI's o3 design to carry out substantial web browsing, information analysis, and synthesis, [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:MoisesLeger) delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools made it possible for, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120]
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<br>Image category<br>
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<br>CLIP<br>
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to examine the semantic resemblance in between text and images. It can significantly be used for image category. [217]
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<br>Text-to-image<br>
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<br>DALL-E<br>
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that develops images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and generate matching images. It can produce pictures of practical items ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.<br>
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<br>DALL-E 2<br>
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an updated variation of the model with more practical outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new primary system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220]
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<br>DALL-E 3<br>
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model much better able to [produce images](https://workmate.club) from [complex](http://g-friend.co.kr) [descriptions](http://gsrl.uk) without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222]
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<br>Text-to-video<br>
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<br>Sora<br>
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can create videos based on brief detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can create videos with resolution approximately 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unknown.<br>
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<br>Sora's development team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to [symbolize](https://vids.nickivey.com) its "unlimited creative capacity". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos along with copyrighted videos accredited for that purpose, however did not expose the number or the [precise sources](https://profesional.id) of the videos. [223]
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<br>OpenAI showed some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, [stating](https://hireteachers.net) that it could [produce videos](https://git.clubcyberia.co) as much as one minute long. It also shared a technical report [highlighting](https://photohub.b-social.co.uk) the techniques utilized to train the model, and the model's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its imperfections, including battles physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "outstanding", however kept in mind that they need to have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's common output. [225]
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some scholastic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, significant entertainment-industry figures have actually revealed substantial interest in the technology's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the innovation's capability to create practical video from text descriptions, citing its prospective to change storytelling and material production. He said that his enjoyment about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to pause prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based film studio. [227]
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<br>Speech-to-text<br>
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<br>Whisper<br>
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of varied audio and is also a multi-task model that can carry out multilingual speech acknowledgment as well as speech translation and language recognition. [229]
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<br>Music generation<br>
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<br>MuseNet<br>
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to [anticipate subsequent](https://jobsite.hu) musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate tunes with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a song created by [MuseNet](https://scode.unisza.edu.my) tends to begin fairly however then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web mental [thriller](https://cvbankye.com) Ben Drowned to develop music for the titular character. [232] [233]
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<br>Jukebox<br>
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to create music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI mentioned the tunes "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" and that "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and [human-generated music](http://www.xyais.com). The Verge specified "It's technically outstanding, even if the results seem like mushy variations of tunes that may feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are appealing and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236]
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<br>User user interfaces<br>
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<br>Debate Game<br>
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches makers to dispute toy issues in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research study whether such a technique may help in auditing [AI](https://mypocket.cloud) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](https://codecraftdb.eu). [237] [238]
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<br>Microscope<br>
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network designs which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to evaluate the functions that form inside these [neural networks](https://uspublicsafetyjobs.com) easily. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different versions of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241]
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<br>ChatGPT<br>
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<br>Launched in November 2022, [ChatGPT](https://pittsburghpenguinsclub.com) is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that offers a conversational user interface that permits users to ask questions in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br>
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